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The Four Engined Airliner Arrives
In 1931, two types of four-engined airliner came on to the scene. The 27th April saw the first of three Short flying-boats, 'Scipio', which worked in the Mediterranean, whilst the first of the Handley Page H.P. 42s, 'Hannibal', operated on the London-Paris route for the first time on 11th June. Two classes of H.P. 42 were made. The 'Heracles' class for European routes, with 38 seats, were based at Croydon, and the 'Hannibal' class for routes in Egypt, India, and Central Africa, with 24 seats (to allow for extra fuel and baggage), were based at Cairo. These airliners brought a new standard of service, comfort, and safety to passengers. Stewards served full course meals, the Pullman style upholstery was unrivalled, and even though each of the eight built flew over a million miles, no passenger was ever hurt.
On 20th January 1932, the England-Central Africa service was extended to the Cape for the carriage of mail. Passengers first left London by air for South Africa on 27th April.
In 1933 the Armstrong Whitworth AW15 Atalantas was introduced. It was the first monoplane ordered by Imperial Airways and offered the first significant increase in airliner cruising speed since 1919, cruising at 130 mph. It was described as 'the fastest and most luxurious aircraft designed and produced for the tropics, with ample room for passengers to walk about and chat and to enjoy refreshments'. The type operated from Central Africa to Cape Town and east of Karachi, as the service was extended to Calcutta on 6th July, Rangoon on 23rd September and Singapore on 9th December. 1933 also saw Imperial Airways complete 10,000,000 miles of flying.
Australia
On 18th January 1934, the formation of Qantas Empire Airways Limited took place, which combined the interests of Imperial Airways and Qantas (Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services Limited).
The object was to operate in association with Imperial Airways on the Trans-Australian route. The 8th December saw the London-Singapore route extended to Brisbane for mail, the Singapore-Brisbane section operated by Qantas Empire Airways. Passengers were carried over the entire England-Australia route from April 1935.
The operation of the Singapore-Brisbane section of the Australia route led to a new airliner which would be suitable - the de Havilland D.H. 86. This was de Havilland's first four-engined aircraft, and its was both designed and built in just four months for the Empire Air Route contract. Both Qantas Empire Airways and Imperial Airways placed orders for this type, and Imperial Airways commissioned the first of these new airliners, 'Diana', on 25th May 1934. The 'Diana' class made new European routes possible, and on 1st April 1935 a daily London and Budapest via Brussels-Cologne-Prague and Vienna route was opened. During the same year the frequency of both the London-Singapore and London-Johannesburg services were doubled.
On 19th February 1936, the 'Diana' class was used on a weekly mail service between Kano in Nigeria and London, where it flew between Kano and Khartoum, from where the West African service joined the main Africa trunk route. This service later carried passengers and the route terminal was extended to Lagos on 15th October, and to Accra on the Gold Coast on 13th October 1937. This route which Imperial Airways pioneered, was to become a main supply route to the Middle East during the war.
On 14th March 1936, the type operated a new service between Penang and Hong Kong, linking with the main Australia route at Penang, which gave a weekly service between London and Hong Kong for the first time.
The Short S23 Empire flying boat has been described as 'without question the most famous and successful of all pre-war civil transports'. The S23 carried 24 day-passengers or 16 in a sleeping berth layout. A popular feature was its promenade deck. On 30th October 1936, the first of the Short Empire flying boats, the 'Canopus', made its first service flight on a trans-Mediterranean service. Imperial Airways were to make a bold move and order 28 of these aircraft, without awaiting trials of the first aircraft. The aircraft was a success, and further orders were placed, making a total of 42 aeroplanes. These flying boats were produced to put the Empire Air Mail Programme into operation.
Previously Imperial Airways had to carry passengers by train between Paris and the Mediterranean on the Empire routes. The Empire flying boats introduced an all-air route from 16th January 1937, operating from Southampton by way of Marseilles-Rome-Brindisi-Athens and Alexandria. This improvement meant that all Empire services were operated from Southampton from 5th March, and Croydon was the base for European routes only.
During May 1937 Imperial Airways clocked up its 40,000th service across the English Channel, as well as its 1,000th service from England to the Empire. On 15th May land aircraft were withdrawn from the England-South Africa route as far south as Kisumu in Kenya Colony to be replaced by the Empire flying boats which used the Nile bases employed by the Calcutta flying boats. On 2nd June Flying boats took over the entire route.
On 16th June 1937 the first British Atlantic air service began when Imperial Airways and Pan American Airways began a joint service between Bermuda and New York, the British service being flown by the 'Cavalier'.
The Short S30, a later version of the S23, was powered by four Bristol Perseus engines, and had an all-up weight of 48,000 lb, five were built for Imperial Airways.
The Empire Air Mail Programme
The Empire Air Mail Programme was inaugurated on 29th June 1937, when the Empire flying boat 'Centurion' left Southampton for South and East Africa. All mail was charged at 1½d. per oz. which made it possible to post air mail letters in ordinary letter boxes. During that year the 'Caledonia' and 'Cavalier' made survey flights across the North Atlantic, and on 27th and 28th September the 'Cambria' made the fastest flight across the ocean between Botwood Newfoundland and Foynes, Eire, with a record time of ten hours thirty-six minutes. Many other surveys for routes were also made during 1937.
This had been a great year for British Air Transport, starting with the commissioning of the world's largest fleet of commercial flying boats, changing from land planes to faster flying boats, inaugurating the Empire Air Mail Programme, making ten crossings of the North Atlantic to schedule, taking the first step in opening the longest air route in the world (15,000 miles from England to New Zealand), carried over 70,000 passengers and flown over 6,000,000 miles-no mean achievement!
1938 saw the schedules of the Empire routes being accelerated, and air mail figures for the first quarter gave an idea of how well the Empire Air Mail Programme was working. In three months over 100 tons of mail had been flown on the Africa route and the same volume on the India route. This service was given a great amount of praise from the United States where only 2 tons of air mail was carried per week in 1937.
On the 28th July Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania, Papua, Fiji, Norfolk Island, Lord Howe Island, Nauru, The Mandated Territory of Western Samoa and the Territories under the Jurisdiction of the High Commissioner for the Western Pacific were brought into the Programme.
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